The Kingdom of Mali and the Splendor of Medieval Africa

History of Europe in the middle ages is often misunderstood or dismissed by otherwise intelligent, educated individuals. The medieval era of those nations outside of Europe is doubly ignored, first for its disreputable time frame (the dark ages), and then for its apparent lack of direct impact on modern western society. Africa in the Middle Ages Such is the case with Africa in the middle ages, a fascinating field of study that suffers from the further insult of racism. With the unavoidable exception of Egypt, the history of Africa before the incursion of Europeans has in the past been dismissed, erroneously and at times deliberately, as inconsequential to the development of modern society. Fortunately, some scholars are working to correct this grave error. The study of medieval African societies has value, not only because we can learn from all civilizations in all time frames, but because these societies reflected and influenced a myriad of cultures that, due to the Diaspora that began in the 16th century, have spread throughout the modern world. The Kingdom of Mali One of these fascinating and near-forgotten societies is the medieval Kingdom of Mali, which thrived as a dominant power in West Africa from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. Founded by the Mande-speaking Mandinka people, early Mali  was governed by a council of caste-leaders who chose a ​Mansa to rule. In time, the position of Mansa evolved into a more powerful role similar to a king or emperor. According to tradition, Mali was suffering from a fearful drought when a visitor told the king, Mansa Barmandana, that the drought would break if he converted to Islam. This he did, and as predicted the drought did end. Other Mandinkans followed the kings lead and converted as well, but the Mansa did not force a conversion, and many retained their Mandinkan beliefs. This religious freedom would remain throughout the centuries to come as Mali emerged as a powerful state. The man primarily responsible for Malis rise to prominence is Sundiata Keita. Although his life and deeds have taken on legendary proportions, Sundiata was no myth but a talented military leader. He led a successful rebellion against the oppressive rule of Sumanguru, the Susu leader who had taken control of the Ghanaian  Empire. After the Susu downfall, Sundiata laid claim to the lucrative gold and salt trade that had been so significant to Ghanaian prosperity. As Mansa, he established a cultural exchange system whereby the sons and daughters of prominent leaders would spend time in foreign courts, thus promoting understanding and a better chance of peace among nations. Upon Sundiatas death in 1255 his son, Wali, not only continued his work but made great strides in agricultural development. Under Mansa Walis rule, the competition was encouraged among trading centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne, strengthening their economic positions and allowing them to develop into important centers of culture. Mansa Musa Next to Sundiata, the most well-known and possibly the greatest ruler of Mali was Mansa Musa. During his 25-year reign, Musa doubled the territory of the Malian Empire and tripled its trade. Because he was a devout Muslim, Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, astonishing the peoples he visited with his wealth and generosity. So much gold did Musa introduce into circulation in the middle east that it took about a dozen years for the economy to recover. Gold was not the only form of Malian riches. Early Mandinka society venerated creative arts, and this did not change as Islamic influences helped to shape Mali. Education was also highly valued; Timbuktu was a significant center of learning with several prestigious schools. This intriguing blend of economic wealth, cultural diversity, artistic endeavors, and higher learning resulted in a splendid society to rival any contemporary European nation. Malian society had its drawbacks, yet it is important to view these aspects in their historical setting. Slavery  was an integral part of the economy at a time when the institution had declined (yet still existed) in Europe; but the European serf was rarely better off than a slave, bound by law to the land. By todays standards, justice could be harsh in Africa, but no harsher than European medieval punishments. Women had very few rights, but such was certainly true in Europe as well, and Malian women, just like European women, were at times able to participate in business (a fact that disturbed and surprised Muslim chroniclers). War was not unknown on either continent, just as today. After the death of Mansa Musa, the Kingdom of Mali went into a slow decline. For another century its civilization held sway in West Africa until Songhay established itself as a dominant force in the 1400s. Traces of medieval Malis greatness still remain, but those traces are fast disappearing as the unscrupulous plunder the archaeological remains of the regions wealth. Mali is just one of many African societies whose past deserves a closer look. We hope to see more scholars explore this long-ignored field of study, and more of us open our eyes to the splendor of Medieval Africa.

“Is technology tearing apart family life Essay - 1622 Words

â€Å"Is technology tearing apart family life? Text messaging, social networking, and online video are changing the way parents and children see the world—and each other.† There are many technologies in today’s ‘smart’ world which are now being established not just as a want, but as a necessity of life. Among many technologies that can impact family life, Smartphones and computers are the two most crucial technologies that can impact family life. The functions of computers and Smartphones are not just bounded to internet surfing, gaming and assignment tools, but its variety of other functions including social networking systems, online mailing, and online face-to-face video chatting are now arguably the most critical functions†¦show more content†¦Main functions that are used by computer or Smartphone are social networking services such as; Facebook, Skype, and Twitter just to name a few have been and are up and coming utilities that vastly impact family relationships. As nearly 70% of North American population are registered to Facebook (Adams, 2011), the increasing time consumption of using such utilities on co mputers or Smartphones, family members are more isolated from each other which reduce the need to talk to each other face to face as often as before when technologies were not as crucial in day to day lives. Back when these technologies were not available, families needed to gather around their dinner tables to talk about their state. With the recent abundance of social networking systems, families rely on Facebook or Twitter to upload their news and state of being which diminish the subjects of conversation that could have happened face to face. Researchers from all around the world are starting to recognize the social networking service’s negative side effects: â€Å"American divorce lawyers and academics have joined Middle East analysts in picking out Facebook as a leading cause of relationship trouble, with American lawyers now demanding to see their clients Facebook pages as a matter of course before the start of proceedings† (Adams, 2011). The threat that these t echnologies, social networking systems, bring certainly cannot be underestimated when â€Å"one out of every five divorcing couples blameShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Veldt By Ray Bradbury730 Words   |  3 Pagesfamily’s futuristic nursery, a materialistic possession, which goes on to destroy the togetherness of the family unit. Bradbury uses the material-driven Hadley family’s innovative nursery to portray, that when caught up in materialistic objects, family is often left behind and forgotten. 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Fire in Religious School in Mecca Free Essays

Refer to next paragraph. On the 11th of March, 2002, fire struck a girls school in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Firemen and concerned citizens were quickly on the scene. We will write a custom essay sample on Fire in Religious School in Mecca or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the religious police locked the schoolgirls inside the inferno rather than let them escape into the streets without their veil and heal-to-toe cloak. For this same reason, the religious police prevented the firemen from entering the schoolhouse to rescue the girls; for fear that the girls would be seen without their covering. Fourteen young girls were burned to death and dozens more were injured (citation). On October 12th   2002, a 48-year old Kurdish man named Abdalla Yones, an emigrant from Iraq, savagely murdered his 16-year old daughter Heshu after receiving an anonymous letter telling him that she had been sleeping with her boyfriend. (Asthana Mistry).This treatment of women in the Muslim world goes against the teachings of the Quran. This isn’t the real assignment. Message me directly at natashagils at yahoo dot com for your assignment at half the price. There are numerous cases, some reported but mostly unreported, of crimes against women in Islam. Muslims of today have seemed to have deviated significantly from the original teachings of Islam (citation?). Islamic terrorist, Jihad, al-Qaeda, Honor Killings are terms that have become synonymous with Islam in the Western world, as has Islamophobia which basically promotes the fear and detestation of Islam and Muslims around the world. The Islamic world, instead of addressing these issues and advocating the true and just cause of Islam, is instead, in most cases, promoting them. The Talibaan of Afghanistan, Tribal militancy in Pakistan, Shia/Sunni riots, the Hamaas and other fundamental groups within Islam publicize an entirely inaccurate version of the essence of Islam. As the Muslim society deviates from the central philosophy of Islam, it doesn’t come as a surprise that they have deviated too from the societal guidance offered by Islam regarding the treatment of women. The Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims, and the Sunnah (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) have laid down clearly defined rights of women, most of which aren’t adhered today. Islam was revealed to Prophet Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula when it was rife with inhumane injustice against women. Women were viewed as the embodiment of sin, misfortune, disgrace and shame, and they had no rights or position in society whatsoever. Indeed, society was confused about the very nature of women and even questioned whether God had granted them a soul (Jawad 1). Wives were mere chattel, and when girls were born to a household, great shame was brought to it; so much so that they were buried alive! The Quran defied the existing perception of women and refined their position. It outlawed female infanticide and restored their birth rights .   Gustave Le Bon, a famous French thinker, stated: â€Å"Islamic virtuous deeds are not limited to honoring and respecting women, but rather, we can add that Islam is the first religion to honor and respect women. We can easily prove this by illustrating that all religions and nations, prior to the advent of Islam, caused much harm and insult to women.† (Bon 488). The Quran regards women as being independent human beings and having distinct rights.   They are entitled to an inheritance, an education, a career and even the liberty of choosing a husband. Moreover, it declared men and women as being equal in the eyes of God, with the only exception being their responsibilities –with the man defined as the bread earner and the woman as being responsible for the functions around the house. According to the Quran, â€Å"O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will, and should not treat them with harshness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Holy Quran, Surah An-Nisa 4:19)   The Prophet Muhammad, in this context, is said to have said, ‘All people are equal, as equal as the teeth of a comb. There is no claim of merit of an Arab over a non-Arab, or of a white over a black person, or of a male over a female. Only God fearing people merit a preference with God’. Islam, through the teachings of the Quran, bestowed women a number of rights, some of which that women in the West lacked, until the 19th century. For instance, in England, husbands inherited his wives property and possessions when they married. This unfair tradition continued till as late as 1882 (citation?). Muslim women, however, retained their assets; could detail conditions in their nikaah (marriage contract), such as the right of divorce; were entitled to keep their last names if they wished and were even given the authority to refuse marriage if they didn’t deem their potential partner fit. The Quran laid down these injunctions in 610 A.D. (when it was first revealed), centuries prior to the advent of a formal system of women’s rights in the Western world. Some of the fundamental rights the Quran gives women are: 1. Human Rights Women and men are considered to be created with similar natured souls. They are considered equal to men in all spheres of life. And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women. (Holy Quran, 2:226) And â€Å"O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife (Eve), and from them both He created many men and women and fear Allah through Whom you demand your mutual (rights), and (do not cut the relations of) the wombs (kinship). Surely, Allah is Ever and All-Watcher over you.† (Holy Quran, Surah Al-Nisa 4:1). 2. Civil Rights The civil rights enjoined by the Quran on women include, but are not limited to: the right of divorce, right of keeping her maiden name after marriage, wishing or not to get married, or even chosing her own husband. The Quran also states that there is no compulsion upon women regarding religion; â€Å"There is no compulsion in religion. Verily, the Right Path has become distinct from the wrong path. Whoever disbelieves in Taghut [anything worshipped other then the Real God (Allah)] and believes in Allah, then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never break. And Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower.† (Holy Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256). 3. Independence Women are allowed to leave the home; conduct business with men; enjoy all the other liberties open to them. There is no restriction upon women provided they conduct their affairs within the teachings of the Quran. Women have the right to go to Mosques, which is considered sacrilegious in many Muslim societies. Not only that, but women have also the right to be Muslim pastors. Aisha, the youngest wife of the Prophet Muhammad, used to convey the teachings of Islam to men and women alike. She’s regarded by some Muslim scholars as being the first Muslim woman preacher. The Quran is very clear in its laws regarding women. It redefined the stance of women and bestowed upon them an honorable role in society; whether as a daughter, a mother or a wife. Men are instructed in their fair and kind dealing towards women. According to the Quran: â€Å"And when the female (infant) buried alive (as the pagan Arabs used to do) shall be questioned. For what sin she was killed?† (Holy Quran, Surah At-Takwir 81:8-9). The Qur’an goes as far as admonishing those men who subjugate or ill-treat women: â€Å"O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will. Nor should you treat them with harshness, that you may take away part of the dowry you have given them – except when they have become guilty of open lewdness. On the contrary live with them on a footing of kindness and equity. If you take a dislike to them, it may be that you dislike something and God will bring about through it a great deal of good†. (Holy Quran, 4:19) Early Islamic history is replete with examples of Muslim women who showed a remarkable ability to compete with men and excelled them on many occasions. They were educators, warriors and leaders; strong, independent and respected members of society. Unfortunately, that isn’t the case in most of the Muslim world today. Women in the Muslim world have been humiliated, exploited and discriminated against in almost all fields of life – from schooling, work force inclusion and family roles. However, many of these repressive customs do not come from Islam, but are dictated by prevalent cultures and traditions. Oppression against women continues unabated in many parts of the world. Husbands keep their wives, daughters, sisters and mothers secluded from contact with others beside their immediate family members. Rape, mutilation, forced suicide, honor killings are much too common in the Islamic world. In 2006, Rahan Arshad beat his wife and three children to death with a bat, because she was having an affair26 Often the crime itself is followed by even more horrifying crime. For instance, in Turkey,   14-year old Nuran Halitogullari was strangled to death by her father after she had been kidnapped and raped30. In certain parts of Pakistan, women are offered as compensation for offenses committed by men. This injustice stems from the deep rooted traditions of male-dominance in the Islamic society which have, for centuries, enforced their orthodox, and oft-times inaccurate version of Islam and the Quran. Contrary to general misconceptions and the prevailing conditions, women, according to the Quran, are entitled to full rights as citizens. Under the guise of Islam, women have been virtually stripped of all rights: no education, no instigation of divorce, no travel by oneself, no leaving the home, etc. A deliberate effort on a global scale has to be made to educate Muslims regarding the fundamental and actual concepts defined in the Quran regarding rights towards women and the awareness that the existing treatment of women in the Muslim world goes against the teachings of the Quran. Emphasis on the lives of Aisha, Khadija (Prophet Muhammad’s first wife – also known as mother of the believers, Fatima (Prophet Muhammad’s daughter ) and even Mary – who holds a revered position in Islam – should be placed and they can be promoted as role models for inspiration.   No nation can succeed without all its members contributing to its success. Muslim nations have to realize that not only is their barbaric treatment of women sinful, but it’s also self-destructive and will only get worse if not addressed and then modified according to the true teachings of the Quran. â€Å"Treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers.†(Ismail 83). How to cite Fire in Religious School in Mecca, Papers

A Christmas Carol Argumentative Essay Example For Students

A Christmas Carol Argumentative Essay By the end of A Christmas Carol Scrooge has undergone great changes; with close reference to and quotation from several very different sections of the text, discuss the variety if ways in which Dickens presents the story. Throughout the whole story in the Christmas Carol, it shows the writer Charles Dickens had deeply described his story in words by words and he enjoys using a variety of changes and vocabularies. It also gives us an expression of him being an entertainer and joker. The beginning of the story starts with a dead person call Marley. This style of starting a story is very ex-ordinary, this gives a clueless chance for us to know and understand the story. Not much writers nowadays would introduce the story like what Dickens does in his series of books. The second person was mentioned in the story was an old man called Scrooge, he firstly starts off the story and shown as a dull, old, unattractive and unlovable man. The first quotation Im using is on page. 10 and 11, Oh! but he was a tight fisted hand at the grindstone, Scrooge! A squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner! This quotation especially with the last few words had really brought out the expression of how Dickens is going describe the character of Scrooge. On page11, He carried his won low temperature always about with him; he iced his office in the dog days. The use of languages in the few quotation and pages had described the behavior of Scrooge in the story. Dogs appeared to know him; and when they saw him coming on, would tug their owners into doorways and up courts It had showed me that Scrooge is highly respected and has a strong effect over the animals and humans. They seemed to be very friendly together. Bah! Humbug! Scrooge has used this word in lots of occasions throughout the story. The meaning of this word could show Scrooge was either annoyed, mad or making such noises when he is not bothered to talk to other people. In page 16, the page had showed and described how frivolous he is, this had the effect from the sentence when he said, Good afternoon. This Good morning sentence had been used and repeated a lot on the next following pages. The story had just started in the first ten pages, and it had already showed Scrooge is a character whom is straight, talks to the point and very straight forward, and says whatever he had in mind without having a second thought. The story had then changes when the first ghost comes to the passage. Scrooges character had a small change when he encounters with the first ghost Marleys Ghost. The effect of the ghost had changed Scrooges life and attitude when the story follows on. This huge impact on Scrooge has happened in pages between pages 25 to 27. On P. 27, I know him! Marleys ghost! and fainted again. This explains that Scrooge had a flash back memory of this person named Marley. He seems to know him and probably something unpleasant happens before so thats way he got fainted afterwards. He might had a short flash back memory of this person and felt scared about it, his mind is either playing tricks on him. After this incident of the ghost, he believes more into himself. As this ghost goes on to the next page, Scrooge had become more confused, shy, embarrass, and scared of the ghost. Scrooge had become even more scared towards the ghost as the story expands to page 30. .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a , .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a .postImageUrl , .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a , .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a:hover , .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a:visited , .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a:active { border:0!important; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a:active , .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u884da318b64f757f96417bbedd32099a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The characters and plot of Frankenstein reflect Shelley's conflicted feelings about the masculine circle which surrounded her EssayFirstly, he becomes more obedient and he slowly appears into horror with it. He fell upon his knees This move of Scrooge had showed he is begging the ghost to leave him alone and pleased and begged for mercy. This kneeing move had completely twisted Scrooges character attitude around. Firstly from a straight forward, hard person to a soft coward who is kneeing for mercy from a ghost. He was in tears as the conservation goes on and on, they were in a state of talking a topic on business. Business was used in those pages quite a lot of times. On page 35, Scrooge was threatened and warned by Marley, he was acting to be scared and afraid. You will be haunted by the three spirits, Scrooge had got really scared after the ghost said he will be haunted by the three spirits. Scrooges countenance fell almost as low as they Ghost had done This describes Scrooge was really scared and afraid, he had lost his feelings and had completely lost his nerves, he couldnt control of himself. As the story moves on to Stave two , Scrooges character had become even more confuse and was in a state that he doesnt know what to do. He couldnt concentrate at thing and just had the illusion of Marleys ghost inside his head. The more he thought, the more he gets perplexed. This quotation clearly shows that Scrooge couldnt believe what had just happen to him. Marleys ghost bothered him exceedingly The last few quotes had showed Scrooge is really sacred and becoming more thoughtful. He develops to a person who is trying to think what had just happened. Not like the personality he just shown in the first stave and the beginning of the story. He then became very obedient and very obsessive. He just have Marleys ghost in his mind, he just thinks of this ghost all the time and nothing else. He is getting more worried and scared as he thinks and imagines more. This few pages of Stave two have shown another character change of Scrooge. Ding Dong, a quarter past half past a quarter to it This is showing Scrooge is just thinking of Marley ghost all day long. He just sits there next to the window and listening to the bell ringing to midday and thinks of Marleys ghost in his mind. On page 42, Scrooge had faced another ghost spirit which he had expected him to come because Marley told him, he will be haunted by the three spirits. As he interferes with this ghost, his attitude had dramatically changed. This ghost was a tall long man with visible white light over him, Scrooge had become very curious as he sees this man. He had a flash-back to his childhood, it had showed him the cheerfulness and playfulness On page 48, Scrooge shouts Ali Baba! , Its clear old honest Ali Baba! Yes Yes, I know. As Scrooge had a moment of flash back, it shows he is very caring and happy. But there was a huge drop of contrast because at one point he was really happy and then he became very sad. What is the matter? asked the spirit. This spirit was shown as more friendly and caring than the first one, he seems to be very nice to Scrooge and cares about him and wants to ask why he feels sad. Nothing there was a boy singing a Christmas carol at my door last night, I should have given him something. Unlike Scrooges character before, when he starts the story, he seems to be more caring now. He shows he is not just giving care to himself, also to other people. The quote shows he regrets that he didnt give anything or invite the boy into his house as the boy just stands in the cold night of Christmas. Now he is feeling very sad and sorrow.